![]() The South’s economy depended heavily on the export of cotton, but with the naval blockade, the flow of cotton to England, the region’s primary importer, came to an end. Still, the Confederacy had disadvantages. And with the addition of the Upper South states, especially Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas, the Confederacy gained a much larger share of natural resources and industrial might than the Deep South states could muster. Further, the vast coastline from Texas to Virginia offered ample opportunities to evade the Union blockade. The war would be fought primarily in the South, which gave the Confederates the advantages of the knowledge of the terrain and the support of the civilian population. They had to protect and preserve their new boundaries, but they did not have to be the aggressors against the Union. The Confederates had the advantage of being able to wage a defensive war, rather than an offensive one. At the onset on the war, in 18, they stood as relatively equal combatants. BALANCE SHEET: THE UNION AND THE CONFEDERACYĪs it became clearer that the Union would not be dealing with an easily quashed rebellion, the two sides assessed their strengths and weaknesses. The First Battle of Bull Run, which many Northerners thought would put a quick and decisive end to the South’s rebellion, ended with a Confederate victory. Instead, the war would drag on for four long, deadly years. The Confederate forces then carried the day, sending the Union soldiers and Washington, DC, onlookers scrambling back from Virginia and destroying Union hopes of a quick, decisive victory. The Union forces attacked first, only to be pushed back. At the First Battle of Bull Run, also known as First Manassas, some sixty thousand troops assembled, most of whom had never seen combat, and each side sent eighteen thousand into the fray. So great was the belief that this would be a climactic Union victory that many Washington socialites and politicians brought picnic lunches to a nearby area, hoping to witness history unfolding before them. On July 21, 1861, the two armies met near Manassas, Virginia, along Bull Run Creek, only thirty miles from Washington, DC. Meanwhile, Lincoln and military leaders in the North hoped a quick blow to the South, especially if they could capture the Confederacy’s new capital of Richmond, Virginia, would end the rebellion before it went any further. Northerners hoped that most Southerners would not actually fire on the American flag. Some questioned how committed Southerners really were to their cause. Many believed that a single, heroic battle would decide the contest. Men rushed to enlist, and the Confederacy turned away tens of thousands who hoped to defend the new nation. This official pronouncement confirmed the beginning of the Civil War. The Confederacy responded to the blockade by declaring that a state of war existed with the United States. Also in April, Lincoln put in place a naval blockade of the South, a move that gave tacit recognition of the Confederacy while providing a legal excuse for the British and the French to trade with Southerners. The response from state militias was overwhelming, and the number of Northern troops exceeded the requisition. His goal was a ninety-day campaign to put down the Southern rebellion. THE FIRST BATTLE OF BULL RUNĪfter the fall of Fort Sumter on April 15, 1861, Lincoln called for seventy-five thousand volunteers from state militias to join federal forces. Soon the carnage and slaughter would awaken them to the horrors of war. In 1861, Americans in both the North and South romanticized war as noble and positive. Militarily, however, the North and South were more equally matched than Lincoln had realized, and it soon became clear that the war effort would be neither brief nor painless. ![]() Both sides thought it would be over quickly. The continuation of slavery was a central issue in the war, of course, although abolitionism and western expansion also played roles, and Northerners and Southerners alike flocked eagerly to the conflict. The Confederacy, which by the summer of 1861 consisted of eleven states, fought for its independence from the United States. The North fought to restore the Union, which Lincoln declared could never be broken. In 1861, enthusiasm for war ran high on both sides.
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